BOVINE COLOSTRUM
YOUR IDEAL CHOICE OF LIFE
By
Sherif Sabry
Professor of Nutrition and Food Science
Dean Vice of Home Economics Faculty
Minufiya University - EGYPT
Bovine Colostrum is harvested within the early 6 hours pos-parturition to ensure the greatest and efficacy of active constituents and create a broader spectrum of immune factors in the colostrum It also comes from cows mostly pasture-fed or even 100% pasture fed of best dairies from a large multitude of states to ensure the greatest quality.
Freeze-drying is an effective process used for many components supplied to the medical industry. This technique allows the colostrum to be processed with minimal heat, keeping it as close to the way nature intended it as possible.
Bovine colostrums is characterized by:-
Colostrum-based vegetarian diet is very safe and tolerable for both of vegetarian and lactose-intolerance members.
Bovine colostrum contains polyproline-rich peptides, which are a regulator of the thymus gland (master immune gland) of the body. It establishes homeostasis in the thymus gland, by regulating an underactive or overactive thymus.
Bovine colostrums enhance the balancing of the intestinal flora and therefore improve the immune status of the gut, and aids in digestion and proper motility of the bowel and improve nutrient efficiently.
Many researches indicated that bovine colostrums could be used succesfuly in mnay diseases treatment as Fibromyalgia Syndrome, fibromyalgia treatment, auto-immune disorders, or autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, lupus, chronic fatigue syndrome, leaky bowel syndrome, immune system, weight loss, anti-aging, arthritis, disease prevention, improve nutrition, endurance, growth factors, body building, diet, boost immunity, improve health.
COLOSTRUMis the pre-milk secreted and produced from all of the mammalian mother's mammary glands during the early first 24-72 hours after giving birth prior to the onset of genuine lactation to nourish their offspring. It is thick, yellow fluid with characteristic odor. Colostrum provides multiple biofunctionsand it is so important that without it, many newborn mammals would simply die. Itoffers life-supporting immune and growth factors that insure the health and vitality of the newborn and other life stages with great safety.
Dr. Hufeland 1799 was the early scientist who discovers and mentioned about the role of colostrums in keeping health of cattle.Then, in 1955 "immune milk" was published as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, and biological medicine was somewhat revived. Many researches revealed that breast-fed babies had fewer infections, particularly common adult bacterial and viral infections, had greater appetites and generally grew faster than non-breast-fed children. It is reasonable to assume that the anti-microbial effect of maternal IgG present in the colostrum accounts for this difference. However, it is the growth factor content of colostrum which is truly exciting for the adult patient.
While humans produce small amounts of colostrum, a cow produces approximately nine gallons during the first thirty-six hours after giving birth. It is concluded that bovine colostrums is nearly similar for human colostrums and suitable not only for the human consumption but also for most of mammalian species and therefore termed as non-species specific. It is four time rich in its biofunctional constituents rather than human colostrums. It contains all of the essential required constituents of life like immunoglobulins, growth factors, antibodies, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids. In addition, colostrums is rich in many antimicrobial factors which offer pronounced protections against many forms of viral, bacterial and protozoal infections.
Early feeding with colostrum ensures the perfect and integrated newborn life growth. It contains all the essential nutrients needed to begin a healthy life. Recently, many functional foods for infant, children, adults, athletes and even elderly are designed and based on bovine colostrum for the purpose of restoring and sustaining the health.
Bovine colostrum offers also respectable nutritional value due to its high contents of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals beside many of functional constituents which delay the signs of aging and maximize the immune responses.
Immune factors as the major functional constituents of colostrums provides balance and support a healthy immune system; which is the key to good health. Growth factors supply the necessary building blocks for the newborn, enhancing the optimum both of the growth and development of the body cells, muscles, tissue, bone, cartilage and even joints.
Colostrum works effectively in all of human ages to reduce and minimize the effects of the environmental Pollution with toxins, carcinogens and smoke which could alter our immune response, hence, resulting in protection against many forms of malignant diseases.
Moreover, bovine colostrum contains special glyco-proteins and protease inhibitors, which are found extremely effective in protecting colostrum's active constituents from the destructive actions of the human body's digestive enzymes.
All humans are exposed to these deadly and dangerous invaders throughout their lives and over the day time. When our bodies are healthy, our immune system fights off these pollutants without needing any help. However, if our immune system is compromised in any way (which is unfortunately true for most of us), colostrum can help our bodies restore proper immune function.
Colostrum as a novel health-promoting innovation looks to be superior to anything we've ever come across in its ability to help provide and strengthen the human body with a massive natural defense against the devastation of illness and premature aging.
Producing of Immune and growth factors that help our bodies fight off disease and heal damaged body tissue and cells are normally decreased by aging and therefore there is continuo demand to keep the level of these active factors constant. With the loss of these vital components, we age and die or at least exposed to many diseases. Due to the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the environment that we live in, vital nutrients are always being lost and Colostrum is the only natural source of these life-giving components (immune factors and growth factors). Unlike other supplements that isolate and sometimes overdose the body in unbalanced ways, Colostrum is always a perfect combination.
Colostrum has the demonstrated ability to stimulates tissue repair (particularly the bowel lining), stimulate fat utilization for fuel and optimize cellular reproduction (anti-aging). No other substance on the planet can provide all of these marvelous benefits.
Growth factors in colostrum
Numerous growth factors are present naturally in colostrum with great diverse in their function and role in health maintenance. Somatomedin C which is now popularly named insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-B) are the most important and abundant natural growth factors in colostrums. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Growth Hormone (GH), IGF-2, the (Fibroblast growth factor) FGF, as well as some epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor ( PDGF-like) factors are present in low concentration but also with significant health interest.
In the somatomedin hypothesis, GH prepares muscle satellite cells for proliferation and differentiation, particularly in conjunction with fibroblasts during the healing process, and brings about strong autocrine IGF-1 production. Terminal differentiation to myotubules completes the healing event, and is directed almost entirely by IGF-1. The many regenerative effects of IGF-1, coupled with those of TGF-B, extend to nearly all-structural cells of the body. Without exception, each new published study documents the enhancement of DNA and protein synthesis as well as nutrient uptake mediated by these colostral growth factors, particularly in muscle and cartilage.
TGF-B along with IGF-I has also been indicated in the regeneration processes but with specific role in cartilage growth and development. TGF-B is known to be present in colostrum at a concentration 10-fold that of serum. Though its effects have a known capacity to inhibit proliferation but not differentiation of muscle, it is the second best compound available for the synthesis and repair of cartilage. Incidentally, IGF-1 is the best, and was first identified by its ability to enhance chondroitin synthesis and sulfation of proteoglycans.
Antimicrobial fractions in colostrum
The immunoglobulin is the main and major antimicrobial fraction which responsible for instilling passive immunity in the offspring, primarily to infections frequently or recently encountered by the mother. This is a benefit for both the newborn and geriatrics whose immune system may not works adequately.
The various forms of immunoglobulin, which are delivered, consist of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, in descending order of abundance. The affinity mature IgG's furnished to the young is remnants of previous responses to foreign pathogens and confers specific immunity on administration. IgA, IgM, and IgE contribute their respective functions of mucosal and enteric pathogen surveillance, low-affinity antigen binding and contribution to allergic responses. The ideal bovine colostrums for human consumption must derive from the cows which not exposed to any forms of hormone, pesticide or even antibiotic treatment.
These macromolecules could absorb well through the intestinal lumen without any forms of denaturing or degradation due to the real allure of colostrums in addition to present of natural putative permeability fractions in colostrums as normal constituents, which provides wholesale transport of large molecules into the blood stream. Possibly there exists a form of anti-protease activity, which prevents colostrum degradation and keeps it intact with all of its multiple efficacies.
Recently, some researches have been undertaken to assess the efficacy of colostrum therapy in HIV-associated cryptosporidium and pathogenic colibacter infections, which cause the respective opportunistic infections. The results have been strongly positive for colostrum in the case of the enteric studies, with an overwhelming majority experiencing complete abatement on administration.
IMMUNIZED MILK
The Germans and some Americans have immunized animals with specific pathogens and obtained colostrum for analysis of the prevention of colonization or remediation in immunocompromised patients, with some success in preliminary examinations. Other research has concentrated on the reduction of viral and yeast (Candida albicans) activity in the presence of colostrum, which also has been quite effective. Recently, many research works indicated the possible application of immunized milk to protect and treatment of many gastric infections like Helicobacter pylori – associated ulcer in addition to some other viral infections like those against Rota virus. is prepared from cows previously immunized with specific antigens. Hyper immune bovine colostrum IgG concentrate is an orphan drug for the treatment of diarrhea in AIDS patients caused by infection with Cryptosporidium parvum. Hyper immune bovine colostrum used for AIDS-associated diarrhea usually caused by Cryptosporidium parvum is dosed at 10 grams four times daily for 21 days. This must only be taken under medical supervision.
Does bovine colostrum is good for human?
Colostrum for human consumption is obtained from post parturient cattle during the first 24 hours after birth, the highest concentrations of immune and growth factors being derived in the first 48 hours. With rigid adherence to sterility GMP's and special care in manufacturing colostrum is typically homogenized and then spray dried. The product is pasteurized in micro droplets at 140 C for 15 minutes, at which point the soluble compounds become completely dry powder.
It should be noted that IgG-1, the major bovine secretors immunoglobulin in colostrum, is very thermostable and survives the process intact. Actually, many colostrum proteins associate with each other on the molecular level, thus lowering their specific activity; but these dissociate in processing, actually making them more biologically active.
MEDICAL USE OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM
Patients with a desire to enhance their immune system typically take 500 mg every day for 5 days, thereafter tapering to half that dosage. Athletes and individuals with musculoskeletal injuries who wish to capitalize on the anabolic effects of colostrum generally use even greater doses such as 750 mg per day initially. They also taper to half the original dose overtime. The previously mentioned daily dose could be modified to be the triple or more. There exist no known contraindications and no overdose has been experienced.
I- Immune Factors:
Medical and clinical studies show immune factors in colostrum fight many kinds of harmful microbes including viruses, bacteria, yeast, fungus, parasites, allergens and other toxins.
1- Immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulins have been shown to provide a superior defense in both treatment and prevention of both viral and bacterial infections, allergies, fungus, yeast and even parasites. There are five types of immunoglobulins present in colostrum, specifically IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, & IgM. Bovine colostrum contains mostly IgG with very small amounts of IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM. Human colostrum typically contains 2% IgG content, while bovine colostrum can have from 8% to above 25% IgG content. These are protein molecules that are effective in fighting bacterial and viral infections (colds, flu, etc.), parasites, and yeast. Immunoglobulins are energizing elements in colostrum that are anti-inflammatory in nature.
2- Antibodies: Colostrum has been shown to contain specific antibodies to more than 19 specific disease-causing pathogens including; rotavirus, Helicobacter pylori, Cryptosporidium, salmonella, Candida, Streptococcus, staphylococcus and E. coli.
3- PRP (Proline-rich Polypeptide): Shown to help regulate the thymus gland (bodies’ central command for the immune system). PRP can stimulate a weakened immune system, as well as balance an overactive immune system, as in the case of many autoimmune diseases. Recent researches are indicated that PRP is play a major role in protection of nervous cells against many forms of oxidative stress and could use effectively in treatment some of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. PRP also helps balance an overactive immune system present in autoimmune diseases.
4- Lactoferrin: An iron-binding glycoprotein with antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties. Lactoferrin has been implicated in the treatment of many diseases as cancer, HIV, herpes, chronic fatigue, Candida albicans and other infections. Most experts agree that the majority of disease and illness begins in the gastrointestinal tract. Pathogens (viruses, bacteria, yeast, and fungus) enter the body through our ingested foods or inhaled air and can attach themselves to the lining of the bowel, where they grow and multiply, causing a huge variety of diseases. Lactoferrin and other immune factors present naturally in colostrum helps inhibit the binding of pathogens to the bowel lining, so they are unable to proliferate. In addition, lactoferrin plays major role in increase the absorption of some essential minerals such as iron and calcium due to its powerful capacity to bind with these minerals through specific binding sites present on its molecular structure and therefore provides good absorption for these two minerals.
5- Glycoproteins: (protease and trypsin inhibitors)
protect the immune and growth factors in colostrum from destruction by the digestive juices in the stomach and intestinal tract. Therefore, ensure maximum transporting of these functional fractions in the intact and active states without any possible deterioration.
6- Lactalbumins: Research indicates tremendous possibilities that Lactalbumins can be highly effective against numerous forms of cancer and viruses. Lactalbumin has also been shown in vulnerable subjects to raise brain serotonin activity, reduce cortisol concentration, and improve mood under stress. Therefore, it is highly suggested to apply lactoalbumin together with the routine medications of neurological disorder therapy.
7- Cytokines ( Interleukin 1 & 6, Interferon Y & Lymphokines): These chemicals are involved in cell-to-cell communication, antiviral and anti-tumor activity and regulation and intensity of immune responses. Cytokines help increase T-cell activity and stimulate production of immunoglobulins. One cytokine, interleukin-10, is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that has been shown to have a profound effect on pain relief. Interleukins have shown particular promise in fighting cancer.
8- Lysozymes: Helps in protection of the body against many bacterial infections. It has actually been shown to destroy bacteria on contact. Recently, it is included in many topical antibiotics.
II- Growth Factors:
The main functions of growth factors are those
* stimulates normal growth, as well as help regenerate and accelerate the repair of aged or injured muscle, skin collagen, bone, cartilage and nerve tissues.
* Stimulate the body to burn fat for fuel instead of the body's own muscle tissue in times of fasting (diet) and build lean muscle.
* Help burn fat for fuel instead of muscle tissue in times of fasting (diet), and build & retain lean muscle (non-diet).
* Support healing skin wounds when applied topically for burns, injuries and skin rejuvenation.
* Repair our body’s precious RNA and DNA and hence protect against many forms of mutations and cancer.
* Delay the signs of aging.
From the most interest colostrum growth factors are:
1- Insulin-like Growth Factor I and II (IGF-I & IGF-II) : two major insulin-like growth factors are abundant in colostrums as IGF I & II. They affect how the body uses fat, protein and sugar. IGF-I is one of the only substances known to stimulate the repair and growth of DNA and RNA, making it one of the most powerful anti-aging substances. IGF-I have been clinically proven to help increase lean muscle mass and may help regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Therefore, it could use successfully in the daily dietetic program of both hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia conditions.
2- Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF): EGF plays clear role in protection and maintaining skin health. It provides to the skin its desirable elasticity and strength in addition to optimize skin growth and repairing.
3- Transforming Growth Factors A & B (TGF A & B) : TGF stimulates the proliferation of cells in connective tissue and assists in the formation and growth of bone and cartilage. It is also showing promise as a therapeutic agent in bone and wound healing. TGF can help repair tissue and may support the development of growth of the lining of the gut.
4- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) : PDGF has been shown to help with cell division in connective tissue, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts. It may also assist in neuron survival and regeneration. Affect the brain’s mood regulating chemicals to brighten our moods (serotonin & dopamine). It works also to assisting the internal regulation of brain chemicals and supporting alertness and better concentration.
III- Other Beneficial Components
Vitamins and Minerals are nutrients that are essential for normal metabolism, growth and development. They act as coenzymes, enabling chemical process to take place throughout the body. Vitamins and minerals are indispensable for the maintenance of health.
Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are required for growth and development. Amino acids are divided into essential (not produced by the body) and nonessential (can be produced by the body).
1- Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP).
Proline-rich polypeptide is a hormone that regulates the thymus gland, the primary central gland of the lymphatic system. PRP stimulates an under active immune system or down regulates an overactive immune system. Overactive immune systems are seen in multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and other autoimmune diseases. Staroscik et al (1983) found that proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) isolated from ovine colostrum has a regulatory effect on the immune system. PRP-2 and PRP-3 showed activity in the regulation of the immune system.
Anusz and Lisowski (1993) found that PRP increases the permeability of skin vessels, and causes activation of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Proline-rich polypeptide can simultaneously change surface markers and functions of cells.
2- Leukocytes (white blood cells).
Among the most important functions of white blood cells are phagocytosis of bacteria, fungi and viruses, detoxification of toxins, and the development of immunities. Phagocytosis is the ability of a cell to surround, engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris.
White blood cells also stimulate the production of interferon, an immune cell that provides protection against viruses. Interferon slows viral reproduction and viral penetration of cell walls.
Albumin is a protein found in practically every animal tissue and is responsible for a variety of functions.
4- Enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes oxidize bacteria through their ability to release hydrogen peroxide. Some of the enzymes present in bovine colostrum include: Lactoperoxidase
These inhibitors prevent the immune and growth factors in colostrum from being broken down in the gastrointestinal tract. They also prevent Helicobacter pylori bacteria from attaching to the walls of the stomach, helping to treat peptic ulcers.
Attract and bind to pathogens, preventing them from attaching or entering mucous membranes. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses and parasites such as Streptococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Entamoeba, Clostridium, and Cholera.
Orotic acid stops the formation of pyrimidine nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Orotic acid also prevents hemolytic anemia, a disorder characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells.
There are over 90 known components in colostrum. The primary components, divided into two classes, are immune factors and growth factors. Colostrum also contains a precise balance of vitamins, minerals and amino acids. All of these factors work together in perfect synergy to restore and maintain health in addition to protect against many forms of diseases.
COLOSTRUM APPLICATION
Medical research shows that the amount of immune and growth factors present in our bodies decline with age. As these factors decline, we not only become more susceptible to disease and take longer to recover, but our skin loses its elasticity and we begin to gain unwanted weight and lose muscle tone as well. Some benefits of Bovine Colostrum include increasing the bioavailability and absorption of the nutrients in the body. It also decreases the bioavailability of iron to pathogens. In addition, it acts as an anti-aging solution by preventing the creation of free radicals that ultimately stimulate oxidation.
The good news is supplementing your diet with colostrum can help restore these immune and growth factor levels, no matter how old you are. You can likely slow and possibly even reverse the natural aging process.
Every person differs on the amount of Colostrum that is needed. It has been suggested that for best results, colostrum should be front loaded (taken in larger doses initially and then lowered after desired results are obtained). If benefits decrease, go back to your initial intake.
For best results, begin with 2,000 to 3,000 mg taken twice a day. You could take Colostrum when you wake in the morning and your stomach is empty and then again maybe a couple of hours after lunch. If you have trouble sleeping, try to take your dosages early in the day. On the other hand, patients with a desire to enhance their immune system typically take 500mg every day for five days, thereafter tapering off to half that dosage. If the benefits you have experienced diminish when you decrease dosage, go back to your initial intake
Some people may experience a healing incident as the body releases toxins (digestive problems, skin eruptions, rashes or flu-like symptoms). These symptoms usually disappear in a couple of days. It's interesting that if you listen to your body, you become aware of where Colostrum has gone in your body to do its work Colostrum's growth factors may create initial pain in areas of old wounds or injuries as it heals. If this becomes uncomfortable, you may want to cut back on the Colostrum for a few days and then resume at a lower quantity, increasing your intake slowly as you reach optimum levels.
Colostrum intake in Pregnancy
Colostrogenesis (formation and production of colostrums inside the body) ends at or near the time of birth and no more specific and nonspecific proteins are accumulated. It is highly recommended to ask the medical professional prior to taking colostrum in pregnancy condition. Some researchers suggested incorporating colostrums in the daily diets of the pregnant through the early trimesters of pregnancy to ensure optimal colostrum production after giving birth. Until now, there is no any medical evidence about the possible forbidden of colostrum intake during either pregnancy or nursing.
Colostrum intake for Children:
The immune constituents that present naturally in colostrum may be very important in circumstances such as lingering or reoccurring viral and bacterial infections. Colostrums intake was reported also to be very effective overcoming many health problems associated with malnutrition and malabsorption in children. Sialyloligosaccharides and sialylglycoconjugates in colostrum and milk are regarded to be important biological components with respect to be source of brain gangliosides in infant and to be antiinfectional components for the attack by the pathogenic bacteria and virus. Bovine colostrum especially that collected immediately after parturition may be suitable as a source of sialyloligosaccharides for use as additives by the food or pharmaceutical industries.
Colostrum intake for Geriatrics:
Colostrum-based feeding is an ideal nourish for geriatrics because great health benefits could getting from colostrum. It regulates and improves the general mood in addition to delaying the aging signs due to its high content of growth factors associated with repairing and healing damaged tissues. Some respected researches indicated that regular intake of colostrums-based diet could protect potentially against osteoporosis and anemia which are most common in elderly hood conditions. Colostrum could offer effective production against many forms of microbial infections associated with immune shortage in geriatrics. Many results indicated that regular daily supplementation with bovine colostrum had clear and significant role in protection against osteoporosis in elderly.
Colostrum intake for Athletes:
Colostrum had reported to increase exercise performance for athletes due to its pronounced role in increasing muscle lean. It's highly suggested to take the colostrum 30-45 minutes before workout. Athletes often use 3000-6000 milligrams per day. This is the recommended usage, although many body-builders use more without any noticeable side effects. Athletes and individuals with musculoskeletal injuries who wish to capitalize on the anabolic effects of colostrum generally use even greater doses such as 750mg per day initially. They also taper to half the original amount over time. Growth Factors such as insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF.1) are necessary for the growth and repair of body tissues including muscle, tendon and bone.
Colostrum intake in ulcer conditions.
Most stomach and upper part of small intestine ulcers are caused by the bacteria Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori). Many researchers have shown the benefits of bovine colostrum for ulcers caused by H. pylori. They show that bovine colostrum can block the binding of Helicobacter species to the lining of the stomach and intestinal tract and therefore inhibit infection." Several colostrum components stimulate wound healing. Nucleotides, EgF, TgF, and IgF-1 stimulate skin growth and cellular growth and repair by direct action on DNA and RNA. These growth factors facilitate the healing of tissues damaged by ulcers, trauma, burns, surgery, or inflammatory disease. Colostrum's wound-healing properties specifically benefit the skin, muscle, cartilage, bone, and nerve cells." Recent studies suggest that colostral fractions, or individual peptides present in colostrum, might be useful for the treatment of a wide variety of gastrointestinal conditions..." .
Colostrum intake in diabetic condition
Juvenile diabetes (Type I, insulin dependent) is thought to be brought about through an autoimmune mechanism, possibly initiated by an allergic reaction to the protein GAD found in cow's milk. Colostrum contains several factors, which can offset this and other allergies.
Colostrum IgF-1 can bind to both the insulin and IgF-1 receptors found on all cells. Human trials in 1990 reported that IgF-1 stimulates glucose utilization, effectively treating acute hyperglycemia and lessening a Type II diabetic's dependence on insulin.
Colostrum intake in cancer condition
The benefits of cytokines in the treatment of cancer were first popularized by the 1985 Steven Rosenberg Book, Quiet Strides in the War on Cancer. Since that time, the same cytokines found in colostrum (Interleukins 1, 6, 10, Interferon G and Lymphokines) have been the single most researched protocols in scientific research for the cure for cancer.
Colostrum Lactalbumin has been found to be able to cause the selective death (papooses) of cancer cells, leaving the surrounding non-cancerous tissues unaffected (37). Lactoferrin has similarly been reported to possess anti-cancer activity.
The mix of immune and growth factors in colostrum can inhibit the spread of cancer cells. If viruses are involved in either the initiation or the spread of cancer, colostrum could prove to be one of the best ways to prevent the disease in the first place.
Colostrum intake in irritable bowel condition.
The results indicated that regular feeding upon powder bovine colostrum could improve potentially the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome in both adults and children.
Colostrum intake in Cryptosporium infection conditions
The recent researches showed that bovine colostrum at regular daily dose as 10-15 g in either powder or liquid forms had clear and significant role in elimination completely the infection of Cryptosporidium in children. The frequency of infantile diarrhea also decreased by bovine colostrum consumption.
In Leaky gut syndrome
One of the major benefits of colostrum supplementation is enhanced gut efficiency due to the many immune enhancers that control clinical and sub clinical GI infections. Colostral growth factors also play a role by keeping the intestinal mucosa sealed and impermeable to toxins. This is evidenced by colostrum's ability to control chronic diarrhea caused by gut inflammation related to dysbiosis.
Healing leaky gut syndrome reduces toxic load and helps in the reversal of many allergic and autoimmune conditions. For the healthy individual or athlete in training, colostrum supplementation enhances the efficiency of amino acid and carbohydrate fuel uptake by the intestine. More nutrients are made available for muscle cells and other vital tissues and organs. One of the reasons for the energy boost seen in most healthy individuals who use colostrum as a food supplement is this ability of colostrum to improve nutrient availability and the correction of sub clinical leaky gut syndrome.
Colostrum intake in wound healing
Several colostrum components stimulate wound-healing. Nucleotides, EgF, TgF and IgF-1 stimulate skin growth, cellular growth and repair by direct action on DNA and RNA. These growth factors facilitate the healing of tissues damaged by ulcers, trauma, burns, surgery or inflammatory disease. The tissues affected beneficially by colostrum's wound healing properties are skin, muscle, cartilage, bone and nerve cells. Powdered colostrum can be applied topically to gingivitis, sensitive teeth, aphthous ulcers, cuts, abrasions and burns after they have been cleaned and disinfected.
Colostrum-Drug Interaction:
Colostrum can be consumed in any quantity without side effects or drug interactions. Although colostrum has no drug interactions, you may experience side effects from other supplements, herbs or medications you take that you never experienced before. Colostrum heals and integrates the bowel and therefore supports the absorption of all essential nutrients like vitamins, mineral and growth factors.
Effective way of colostrum intake
Colostrum works best if it is taken in capsule form, on an empty stomach with 8-12 ounces of water. If you cannot swallow capsules, you may open the capsule and mix it with a few tablespoons of yogurt, fruit drink or other food. Be aware that you must avoid completely mixing of colostrums with any hot foods or drink because most of colostrums functional constituents especially immunoglobulins and growth factors are very sensitive toward elevated temperature and therefore loss most of their efficacy. Don't forget the water. Do not take any other supplements with colostrum and wait at least twenty minutes before you eat.
The best way of colostrums intake is depends on the desired health goal. It is important to understand the ways in which colostrum's different components can be enhanced for different goals. For example, the immune factors in colostrum work best with maximum potency if they can reach the small intestine. Thus, the best way to achieve this goal is to take capsules with plenty of water if immune supporting is desired.
Most of colostrum growth factors efficiency is enriched by contact with saliva and stomach acids. Consequently, to gain maximum benefit from these components, taking colostrum in either liquid, chewable lozenges or powder is recommended.
Daniel S. Bricker, B.S., in the November 1991 issue of The American Chiropractor ("Colostrum: Implications for Accelerated Recovery in Damaged Muscle and Cartilage, Prevention of Some Pathogenic Disease"), says: " According to the Center for Nutritional Research, (an independent, nonprofit educational company): "Every person is unique with regard to the amount of colostrum that is best for them. Many natural health practitioners suggest that for best results, colostrum should be 'front loaded,' that is, taken in larger doses initially, with lower doses after the desired results are obtained. …
As early as possible after cow giving birth, high quality bovine colostrum could be harvested because some hormonal changes occurring at the time of birth and degrade colostrum proteins and affect severely the quality of other functional constituents. Consequently, colostrum should be removed from the cow as soon as possible after birth - not only for feeding her baby, but also for harvesting high quality colostrum for effective medical and therapeutic applications. Colostrum is transferring into normal milk after the early 48-72 hours of giving birth.
As an example, total solids drop from 26.99% at birth to 14.53% at the end of early 12 hours after giving birth. Whereas, total proteins fall from 17.57% to 6.05%, while lactose rises from 2.19% to 3.71% during the same period.
Total proteins contain cytokines and other protein compounds that act as Biologic Response Modulators (BMR's). These BMR's intervene locally in most biological processes. On the other hand, lactose, which has a great influence on allergic-like responses experienced by some individuals, rises in value from the first milking through subsequent milking.
In general, bovine colostrum is well tolerated and it is very rare to detect any undesired side effects associated with bovine colostrum intake even in case of mega doses intake. Mild flu-like symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, fever, chills, rashes or muscle aches might be appear. These symptoms are very rare and associated mainly with some allergic reaction toward one or more of colostrum constituents. These symptoms disappear completely very shortly after colostrum intake and it is highly possible to not repeat in second time of colostrum intake. If these symptoms are repeated and become frequent when colostrum intake, this would mean that there is well definite allergic reaction and recommend stopping colostrum intake.
Any problems felt to be related to the taking of colostrum are usually the result of starting with too high a dose. This can result in several symptoms related to detoxification. Colostrum is completely natural and can be consumed safely in any quantity. Generally, people who are lactose-intolerant should experience no problems when taking colostrum. Also, some lactose-intolerant people have reported being able to eat some diary products after taking colostrum. People with severe allergic reactions to milk proteins should consult their physician prior to taking colostrum.
Persons with hyperthyroid disease should consult with their healthcare provider before taking colostrum. Although there is no proven problem in taking colostrum with these disorders, their has been one case report in the medical literature of worsening hyperthyroidism in one patient taking colostrums-based supplement colostrum.
Colostrum's growth factors may also cause some initial pain in areas of old wounds or injuries as they heal especially when applied as topical agent. If this becomes uncomfortable, consider reducing the dosage for a few days, then gradually increasing your intake slowly until you reach optimum levels.
Bovine colostrum contains insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 levels are elevated in prostate, colorectal and lung cancer. Recent studies have found that IGF-1 levels correlate with risk of prostate cancer and colorectal cancer in men, premenopausal breast cancer in women and lung cancer in both men and women. Those with these types of cancer and those at risk for these cancers should exercise caution in the use of bovine colostrum supplements. It is unlikely that the amount of IGF-1 in bovine colostrum would be a problem, but caution should still be exercised.
Colostrum expected results
As no two people are alike, results will vary from person to person based on your current health and the amount of colostrum you take regularly. Some people begin to notice the benefits of taking colostrum in as little as one week, others it takes as long 3 or 4 weeks or more. Maximum improvements will take longer and may take several months. We recommend you take colostrum for at least three months before you decide it is not helping.
Colostrum composition
The greater part of this protein is comprised of whey proteins. Immunoglobulins, mainly IgG, make up about 75% of the whey proteins. Other substances found in bovine colostrum include casein, lactoferrin (mineral-binding glycoprotein), alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and the growth factors insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). In addition, bovine colostrum contains vitamins, minerals, lipids and lactose. Bovine colostrum may also contain colostrinin, also known as proline-rich polypeptide (PRP), a substance found in ovine (sheep) colostrum.
Bovine colostrum is marketed in several forms. Bovine colostrum prepared by microfiltration is mainly composed of whey proteins and their associated immunoglobulins and the growth factors IGF-1, IGF-2, TGFbeta and EGF.
Substances such as lactose, fats, casein and lactalbumin are significantly reduced in microfiltered bovine colostrum. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins of the IgG type, which are protective against such infectious microorganisms as Cryptosporidium parvum (a major cause of AIDS-associated diarrhea), diarrheogenic Escherichia coli strains, Shigella flexneri, Clostridium difficile, and rotavirus, the most common cause of severe diarrhea in young children.
Bovine colostrum may have immunostimulatory and antimicrobial actions. It is reputed to have ergogenic activity as well.
Hyperimmune bovine colostrum may have antimicrobial activity based on the ability of specific immunoglobulins of the IgG type to react with bacterial, viral and other microbiological antigens in the gut. Bovine colostrum contains a few immunostimulatory substances, including lactoferrin. It may also contain colostrinin which termed also proline-rich polypeptide (PRP), another possible immunomodulatory substance. The combination of specific, as well as nonspecific, IgGs and such immunomodulatory factors as lactoferrin and PRP may afford general antimicrobial protection of the gastrointestinal tract.
The pharmacokinetics of bovine colostrum, particularly with regard to the immunoglobulins, is unclear. It would be expected that immunoglobulins found in bovine colostrum would be rapidly inactivated or destroyed by stomach acid and proteolytic action in the small intestine. Enteric coating would protect the proteins from acid in the stomach but not from proteolytic activity in the small intestine. However, following ingestion of bovine colostrum, most of colostrum immunoglobulins are found to be excreted intact in the feces after a few days. This suggests that colostrums immunoglobulins may be more resistant to degradation in the gut. This finding is referred mainly to the presence of trypsin and proteolytic inhibitors naturally in colostrums which protect colostrums against possible degradation in the gut.
Well-designed, controlled clinical trials of bovine colostrum are largely lacking. A few small, usually uncontrolled or poorly controlled human studies have suggested that some components of some bovine colostrum preparations have significant antimicrobial activity. Immunoglobulins in colostrum derived from cows immunized against particular pathogens may help protect against those specific pathogens in some instances, but bovine colostrum supplements may vary widely in terms of specific constituents.
A bovine colostrum product derived from cows immunized against Candida albicans was reported to be effective in reducing levels of this fungal pathogen in severely immunocompromised patients. Similarly, AIDS patients with chronic Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhea were said to be helped by a formulation of concentrated bovine immunoglobulins given in dosages up to 40 grams daily.
Some bovine colostrum preparations pooled from many different cows may confer broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, some animal research suggests. Better, designed, controlled clinical testing is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of bovine colostrum supplements.
According to recent research, "Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) has been shown to eliminate or improve the symptoms of allergies, as well as other autoimmune diseases such as MS, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus." PRP is one of the most powerful components found naturally in colostrum, making it the safest and most logical natural component to fight off your allergy symptoms.
PRP has the ability to regulate the activity of the immune system. This means that it can activate an under active immune system, helping it move into action against disease-causing organisms. This also means that it can suppress an overactive immune system, as with allergies and all other hyper-immune disorders, preventing it from reacting to harmless substances. Scientists believe that PRP’s ability to regulate the immune system is due in part to its ability to inhibit the overproduction of lymphocytes and T-cells. PRP actually aids in producing helper T-cells and suppressor T-cells. Various studies also identify that PRP is highly anti-inflammatory.
Along with other components present naturally in colostrum, it is no wonder that supplementing your lifestyle with colostrum helps your immune system to maintain a healthy balance. In addition to PRP’s known benefits for allergies, studies indicate that colostrum from dairy cows also contain a variety of antibodies directed against allergens that affect humans.
OFFICIAL GARAUNTEE
USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture is the regulating body for certain activities of Immuno-Dynamics and the dairies providing 0-6 hour raw colostrum for production. USDA has helped the American farmer produce the best quality and safest products available to worldwide consumers.
FDA
The United States Food and Drug Administration is the regulating body for certain activities of Immuno-Dynamics and the sellers of the PerCoBa colostrum products. The FDA is very active in a role of safeguarding the American public by restricting dangerous products and preventing unproven and unfounded function claims of products.
NNFA
The National Nutritional Foods Association represents the interests of manufacturers and retailer of a wide variety of natural products. The products include organic and health foods, sports nutrition products and other dietary supplements.
COLOSTRUM REFERNCES
General Benefits
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Colostrum and milk in the treatment of disease.Adv Nutr Res. 2001;10:201-12. Hosseini S, Inserra P, Araghi-Niknam M, Watson RR.
On the properties of trypsin inhibitors from human and bovine colostrum.FEBS Lett. 1971 Sep 15;17(1):23-26. Pedersen VB, Keil-Dlouha V V, Keil B.
Colostrum enhances the nutritional stimulation of vital organ protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. American Society for Nutritional Sciences. 127(7):1284-9. Burrin D, Davis T, Ebner S, Schoknecht P, Fiorotto M, Reeds P. (1997)
Bovine Growth Hormone: Human Food Safety Evaluation. Science. 249:875-883. Juskevich J. (1990)
Polypeptide transforming growth factors isolated from bovine sources and used for wound healing in vivo. Science. 219(4590): 1329-31. Sporn M, Roberts A, Shull J, Smith J, Ward J. (1983)
A low-molecular-weight fraction of bovine colostrum and milk enhances the oxidative burst activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Vet Res Commun. 2003 Sep;27(6):453-61. Sugisawa H, Itou T, Saito M, Moritomo T, Miura Y, Sakai T.
Concentrated bovine colostrum protein supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males.Eur J Nutr. 2003 Aug;42(4):228-32. Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD.
Concentrations of sialyloligosaccharides in bovine colostrum and milk during the prepartum and early lactation . J Dairy Sci. 2003 Apr;86(4):1315-20. Nakamura T, Kawase H, Kimura K, Watanabe Y, Ohtani M, Arai I, Urashima T.
Bovine colostrum offers broad-spectrum benefits for wide-ranging ailments. Medical Journalist Report of Innovative Biologics:Townsend Letters for Doctors and Patients. Walker M. (1999) 74-80.
Protein metabolism and strength performance after bovine colostrums supplementation.Amino Acids. 2005 Mar 25th. Mero A, Nykanen T, Keinanen O, Knuutinen J, Lahti K, Alen M, Rasi S,Leppaluoto J.
Bovine milk enhances the oxidative burst activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in low concentrations.J Vet Med Sci. 2002 Dec;64(12):1113-6. Sugisawa H, Itou T, Ichimura Y, Sakai T.
Use of the 'nutriceutical', bovine colostrum, for the treatment of distal colitis: results from an initial study.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Nov;16(11):1917-22. Khan Z, Macdonald C, Wicks AC, Holt MP, Floyd D, Ghosh S, Wright NA,
Colostral and milk insulin-like growth factors and related substances: mammary gland and neonatal (intestinal and systemic) targets.Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2002 Jul;23(1-2):101-10. Review. Blum JW, Baumrucker CR.
Active chromium complex from bovine colostrum help to regulate blood glucose levels. American Institute of Nutrition. 118(1):39-45.
Antioxidant properties of colostrum.Pediatric Research. 24(1):14-9.
Treatment of severe eye dryness and problematic eye lesions with bovine colostrum . Adv Exp Med Biol. 350:595-9.
Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP) Complex Isolated from Colostrum for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. A Double - Blind Placebo-Controlled Study . Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47(6):377-85.
Bovine colostrum has anti-inflammatory benefits and prevents NSAID induced gut damage.Gut. 44:653-658.
Growth Factors
What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents . 3:121-124. Bocci V, Von Bremen K, Corradeschi F, Luzzi E, Paulesu L. (1991).
Effect of growth factors on wound healing. Journal of Surgery Res . 59:236-244.
Insuin-like growth factor-1 blood levels are not associated with prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels or prostate cancer: Cass TL . A study of 749 patients. Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI
Determination of transforming growth factor-B1 (TGF-B1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in bovine colostrum samples. Journal of Immunoassay 19:195-207. Ginjala V, Pakkanen R. (1998)
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 enhance human skeletal muschle protein anabolism during Hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Investigations 96:1722-1729.
Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels.Nutrition. 2002 Jul-Aug;18(7-8):566-7. Kuipers H, van Breda E, Verlaan G, Smeets R.
Can bovine colostrum enhance levels of IGF-1? Muscle and Fitness. Antonio J. (1998)
Immunological benefits
Colostrum--more than just an immunoglobulin supplier . Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 2003;98:123-4. No abstract available. Blum JW.
Osteoprotegerin in human milk: a potential role in the regulation of bone metabolism and immune development.Pediatr Res. 2004 Jun;55(6):1001-8. Vidal K, van den Broek P, Lorget F, Donnet-Hughes A.
Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177: 955-961. Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, et al. (1998)
Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gut. 44(2):212-7.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 194(3):270-3. Warny M, Fatima A, Bostwick E, et al. (1998) Zhang T, Iguchi K, Mochizzuki T, Hoshino M, Yanaihara C, Yanaihara N. (1990)
The sialylated fraction of milk oligosaccharides is partially responsible for binding to enterotoxigenic and uropathogenic Escherichia coli human strains.J Nutr. 2002 Oct;132(10):3067-72. Martin-Sosa S, Martin MJ, Hueso P.
Immunological activities associated with milk. Adv Nutr Res. 2001;10:39-65. Review. Kelleher SL, Lonnerdal B.
Efficacy of an infant formula containing anti-Escherichia coli colostral antibodies from hyperimmunized cows in preventing diarrhea in infants and children: a field trial.Int J Infect Dis. 2003 Jun;7(2):120-8. Tawfeek HI, Najim NH, Al-Mashikhi S.
Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy.Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002 Dec;37(12):1380-5. Casswall TH, Nilsson HO, Bjorck L, Sjostedt S, Xu L, Nord CK, Boren T,Wadstrom T, Hammarstrom L.
Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S24-8. Review. Solomons NW.
Structural nature and functions of transfer factors.Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 685:362-
Cytokines useful in immunodeficient individuals . Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents . 3:121-124.
Cytokines effect in rheumatoid arthritis.Annual Review of Immunology 14:397-440, 1996.
Bovine colostrum and its antibacterial effect.Infection and Immunity 57:1227-1234.
Proline-rich polypeptide from bovine colostrum benefit the immune system.Immunology. 36:879-881.
Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)- from bovine colostrum has an immunomodulatory effect.Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 41:275-279.
Proline-rich polypeptide from colostrum has immunoregulatory properties.Molecular Immunology. 12:1277-1282.
Bovine colostrum used for wound healing in vivo. Science . 219(4590): 1329-31.
Bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus . Lancet. 2(8665):709-12.
Prevention of rotavirus infection with bovine colostrum containing antibody against human rotavirus.Lancet. 2(8357):1029-30.
Bovine colostrum to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants.Journal of Infectious Diseases 156:158-166.
Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum. 64:274-279.
IgA from colostrum used to treat E coli.Scandavian Journal of Immunology. 46:59-66.
Intestinal Benefits
Bovine colostrum and whey protein supplementation during running training increase intestinal permeability.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(Suppl):S81. Buckley JD, Brinkworth GD, Southcott E, Butler RN.
Bovine colostrum benefits the human stomach and small intestine.Gut. 44(2):212-7.
Bovine colostrum provides passive immunity against diarrhoea.Acta Paediatr. 85:125-128.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with oral immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum.Ailment Pharmacol Therapies 12:563-568.
Colostrum benefits the Leaky gut of alcoholism.The Lancet. 1(8370):179-82.
Bovine colostrum has anti-inflammatory benefits and prevents NSAID induced gut damage.Gut. 44:653-658.
Bactericidal effect of bovine colostrum against Helicobactor pylori.Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662.
Treatment diarrhea in AIDS patients with bovine colostrum patients. AIDS. 4:581-584.
Bovine colostrum and its effect in the human digestive tract . ZH Mikrobiology Epidemiology Immunobiology 9:101-106.
Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea caused by E coli.Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 29:452-456.
Glyconutrient a novel immune-enhancing polysaccharide.Alternative Medicine Review. 4(2):96-103.
Colostrums affect against herpes simplex virus.Journal of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 1:221-224.
Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy.Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.
Protective potential of colostrum against prospective influenza viruses.Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 36(2):94-5.
Immune globulin to prevent nosocomial infection. (Accuaired during hospitalization). New England Journal of Medicine . 327(4):269-71. Siber G. (1992)
Benefits Related to Lactoferrin
Antioxidative properties of lactoferrin from bovine colostrum before and after its lyophilization.Cryo Letters. 2003 Sep-Oct;24(5):275-80. Sandomirsky BP, Galchenko SE, Galchenko KS.
Lactoferrin is a lipid A-binding protein.Infection and Immunity. 62:2628-2632.
Lactoferrin and it’s functions.Lactoferrin: Structure and Function. 1-12.
Lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro.Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-388.
Lactoferrin is studied against human herpes virus.Jpn. Journal of Sci. Biol. 47:73-85.
Lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus.Biochemical and biophysical research communications 245:549-553.
Lactoferrin: A general review.Haematologica 3:252-267.
Effects of bovine Lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 17:35-40. Masaaki I. and et al. (1999)
Lactoferrin in the human colon carcinoma . Biochemistry Journal. 308:391-397.
Anti - viral Benefits
Treatment diarrhea in AIDS patients with bovine colostrum patients.AIDS. 4:581-584.
Protective potential of colostrum against prospective influenza viruses.Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 36(2):94-5.
Colostrums affect against herpes simplex virus.Journal of Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 1:221-224.
Bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus.Lancet. 2(8665):709-12.
Prevention of rotavirus infection with bovine colostrum containing antibody against human rotavirus.Lancet. 2(8357):1029-30.
Bovine colostrum to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants.Journal of Infectious Diseases 156:158-166.
Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum. 64:274-279.
Benefits Toward Athletics
Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jan;91(1):53-60. Epub 2003 Sep 20. Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Slavotinek JP, Kurmis AP.
Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I.J Sports Sci. 2003 Jul;21(7):577-88. Buckley JD, Brinkworth GD, Abbott MJ.
The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players.Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002 Dec;12(4):461-9. Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA.
Bovine colostrum: Does it improve athletic performance?Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):776-7. No abstract available. Buckley JD.
Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PA.
Body Composition . Nutrition 17:243-247, 2001.
Endurance running in marathoners.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 22: 207-212.
IGF-1, IgG levels during training.Journal of Applied Physiology. 83: 1144-1151.
Marathon racing and the effects of fluid replacement, immune function, and psychological factors.Sports Medicine. 15: 116-132.
Benefits Toward Diabetic
Binz, K. et al. Repopulation of The Atrophied Thymus in Diabetic Rats by Insulin-like Grown Factor I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87(10):3690-3694. May1990.
Hakansson et al., Proceedings, Nat. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 92, pp. 8064-8068, Aug. 1995.
Benefits Toward Wound Healing
Clark, Daniel G. and Wyatt, Kaye. Colostrum, Life's First Food. Salt Lake City:CNR Publications. 1996.
Jensen, Bernard. Colostrum: Man's First Food, The White Gold Discovery. Escondido:Bernard Jensen, 1993.
Sporn, et al. Polypeptide Transforming Growth Factors (TGF A & B) and Epithelial Growth Factor isolated from bovine colostrum used for wound healing in vivo. Science, 219, pp. 1329-31, 1983.